Bread or justice - Land restitution and investments in Montes de Maria,Colombia

In 2011, Colombia started a legal land restitution process whereby government institutions help internally displaced people (IDPs) reclaim land dispossessed after 1991 through the violent conflict involving the communist guerilla, paramilitaries and the army. The designated land courts normally covers voluntary sales at the going market price at the time of dispossession, presuming buyers took advantage of the IDPs’ need for money and their low expectations of returning from their current sites of refuge. We study the rise and fall of a commercial cassava operation that started to buy land from IDPs openly in the Montes de María region on Colombia’s Caribbean coast after peace returned in 2007. After losing several land restitution court cases, the company shifted from dairy cattle that required high investments to the less demanding, but also less productive, buffalo to minimize losses in case of future successful restitution claims. The land restitution law will probably be extended beyond the initial 2021 limit due to slow progress, thereby perpetuating the insecure property rights situation that hinders investments in agriculture.     

技术性贸易壁垒与中国高技术产品出口——基于扩展贸易引力模型的经验分析

本文基于扩展的贸易引力模型，使用2000~2015 年中国同22 个贸易伙伴国的面板数据，并引入和技术性贸易壁垒以及高技术产品密切相关的知识产权保护这一变量，实证考察进口国TBT 对中国高技术产品出口的影响。结果表明：（1）进口国实施 TBT 或进行知识产权保护均会抑制中国高技术产品的出口，但抑制作用并不显著；（2）若进口国将TBT 和知识产权保护相结合形成更为隐蔽的技术性贸易壁垒，将会显著抑制中国高技术产品的出口；（3）中国高技术产品出口呈现行业差异，其中医药制造业受到的抑制效应最大；（4）由于技术模仿和产品同质化现象的存在，中国高技术产品出口会在中高收入国家遭遇更为严重的TBT，对出口的抑制效应会更大。中国应将知识产权保护政策作为应对进口国TBT的一种补充，在保证高技术产品贸易健康发展的同时推动出口产业向中高端发展。     

知识产权壁垒研究综述

在国际贸易往来中,知识产权作为贸易保护主义的一种工具被发达国家越来越频繁地使用,形成了一种新型的贸易壁垒即知识产权壁垒,随着贸易摩擦的频率与次数逐渐增多,其对贸易国家尤其是发展中国家构成了较大的威胁与障碍。立足于我国实际,通过结合国内外学者最新研究成果对知识产权壁垒研究进行梳理与总结并得出启示,提出我国相关产业与企业应客观看待并积极应对知识产权壁垒,不断提高自主创新能力与国际竞争力。     

黑龙江省创意产业知识产权保护研究

创意产业是一种智力劳动成果，知识产权正是对这种智力成果进行确认和保护的武器。本文结合黑龙江省创意产业发展的现状，通过分析和解决创意产业发展中知识产权保护存在的问题，达到促进创意产业发展、优化产业结构、改变经济增长方式、提升全省创新能力和综合竞争能力的目的。     

Private Property or Several Control: A Rejoinder

Following Mises’s foundational paper, ‘Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth’, first published in 1920, writers in the Austrian tradition have argued that socialism is impossible, because under socialism there would be no private property in the means of production, and without that private property economic calculation could not take place. In the article ‘Economic Calculation: Private Property or Several Control?’, published in this journal in 2015, I argued that this was mistaken. Not private property, but several control, was required for economic calculation, and since several control is consistent with public ownership, this argument for the impossibility of socialism fails. Another article, ‘Private Property and Economic Calculation: A Reply to Andy Denis’, by Bylund and Manish, published in this issue of the Review of Political Economy, defends the traditional interpretation of Austrian reasoning, contending that my argument fails. My rejoinder re-states the issues, addressing, and, ultimately rejecting, the Bylund and Manish critique.     

农村产权抵押融资的风险防控机制研究——基于重庆的实践

论文首先理清了农村产权抵押融资各环节上的主要风险。接着,通过对重庆市11个区县的实地调研,找出了各种风险的主要成因,以及防控这些风险的成功经验。最后,针对农村产权融资的不同需求,建立了以农村资金互助社为核心的小额融资风险防控机制,和以政府为基础层,金融机构和农户为核心层,担保机构、保险机构和评估机构为保障层的大额融资风险防控机制。为我国农村产权抵押融资风险防控提供参考。     

The restructuring of the institutional real estate portfolio in the UK

Real estate investment portfolios of financial institutions have seen dramatic changes over the last three decades or more. Historically such property investment decisions have been seen within a portfolio diversification paradigm that has sought to balance risk and return. This paper considers the role of the supply of assets in the determining and constraining the UK institutional portfolio. The supply of real estate assets not only expands during property booms but has also been transformed by a long term urban development cycle as cities adapt to cars and the ICT revolution that has brought new property forms. The research examines long term trends in investment change by disaggregating into ten property forms rather than the usual three land use sectors. It then assesses to what extent investment patterns can be explained in terms of portfolio theory, short term net returns of individual sectors or driven by the supply of real estate assets. It concludes that the supply of real assets is an overlooked explanation.     

Gentrification in Hong Kong? Epistemology vs. Ontology

This article examines the transferability of the concept of gentrification away from its Anglo‐American heartland to the cities of Asia Pacific and specifically Hong Kong. An epistemological argument challenges such theoretical licence, claiming that conceptual overreach represents another example of Anglo‐American hegemony asserting the primacy of its concepts in other societies and cultures. Past research suggests that if gentrification exists in Asia Pacific cities it bears some definite regional specificities of urban form, state direction and, most surprising from a Western perspective, a potentially progressive dimension for some impacted residents. Closer examination of urban discourse in Hong Kong is conducted through analysis of English and Chinese language newspapers. In both instances, gentrification is barely used to describe the pervasive processes of urban redevelopment, which otherwise receive abundant coverage. Interviews with local housing experts confirm the marginality of gentrification in academic and public discourse, and the power of a local ideology that sees urban (re)development unproblematically as a means of upward social mobility. However, in the decade‐long housing bust after 1997, growing inequality has encouraged a nascent class analysis of the property market, an ontological awakening that may prove more favourable to the identification of gentrification in an Asia Pacific idiom.     

集体林权配套改革非农就业地理距离与农户林业投入行为——基于9省18县面板数据的验证

基于9省18县市2009~2013年1452户农户数据,运用面板数据随机效应模型,论证了非农就业地理距离,集体林权配套改革对于农户林业投入行为会产生的影响。基于研究得出结论:非农就业的地理距离越远,家庭外出务工指数越高,对家庭林业投入产生的负向作用越大;集体林权配套改革中,林权贷款以及林地流转对农户林业投入有显著正向影响;此外,农户林地面积、所在村到县城距离、是否为山区、是否获得林权贷款以及是否参与林地流转都对农户林业投入有显著影响。因此,提出充分利用当地林业资源推动农户本地非农就业以及推动林地流转与林权贷款等配套改革措施的政策建议。     

化学计量之pH计分析

科技要发展,计量要先行。计量在社会的发展中起着至关重要的作用。化学计量更是其中不可或缺的一部分。本文从化学计量中一个基本仪器——pH计的角度,进行了分析。